新东方新概念第四册语法精粹 新东方, 语法, 新概念

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A Brief introduction to Translation
翻译原理入门

I. Definition 翻译的定义

Translation, speaking, implies rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken. It is, essentially the faithful representation, in one language of what is written or spoken in another. It is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL-the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL-target language).

II. Qualifications of a translator 翻译者必备的素质¬

1) A translator must be well acquainted with the source language.
We are inclined to feel too confident of our comprehension when we are reading foreign literary works. We think we know it from A to Z, yet, when we start translating it we find it difficult and there are many points misunderstood. We are playing the fool with ourselves because of careless reading, Therefore, translation serves as the best possible approach to the study of foreign languages.

2) A translator must be well acquainted with the target language.
Let's take Yan Fu for instance:
When Yan Fu, a famous translator in the Qing Dynasty, was translating "Evolution and Ethics and other Essays", the title turned out to be the crux（症结）that caused him to cudgel his brains （绞尽脑汁）day and night and look pale for it. His wife worried very much representation of the title for quite time and eventually had it translated into《天演论》which has since deserved high praise up till now.

3) A translator must be armed with necessary professional knowledge.

4) A translator must be armed with the ability to live his part.
As famous play writer Maryann pointed out: "a translator must enter into the spirit of
character (regard himself as one that plays a role in a play). That is to say, he seems
1. present at the very spot.（亲临其境）
2. involved in the very occurrence.（亲历其事）
3. witnessing the very parties concerned.（亲睹其人）
4. interating the very utterances.（亲道其法）
5. experiencing the very joy and annoy.（亲尝其甘，亲领其苦）
6. sharing the very weal and woe.（亲享其福，亲受其哀）
7. partaking of the glee and grief.（亲得其乐，亲感其悲）

5) A translator must be armed with the excellent ability of expressiveness and vivid imagination.
"Toiling yourself and endure hardship for obtaining a well-chosen word" just as the famous poet Du Fu did "Never give up until an amazing poetic masterpiece is gained".
（ “为求一字稳，耐得五更寒” ，象诗圣杜甫那样具有“语不惊人死不休”得精神与毅力）

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III. Criteria of Translation 翻译的标准

Speaking of criteria of translation, as early as in the Tang Dynasty, the learned Monk Xuan Zhuang designed criteria of translation with emphasis placed on accuracy and general knowledge. In the Qing Dynasty, Yan Fu established a three character standard in translation： “信” faithfulness,“达”expressiveness and “雅”elegance, which are similar to "triness" by Herbert Rotheinstein（赫伯特•罗森斯坦）。Faithfulness, expressiveness and gracefulness which are considered the golden rule（金科玉律）in the field of translation.

After the May 4 th Movement, Lu Xun proposed: faithfulness “信” and smoothness “顺” as the criteria of translation.

Shortly after the birth of New China, quite a lot of translators put forward various criteria, such as“忠实” 、 “通顺” 、 “准确” 、流畅，重神韵而不是行貌（沈雁冰）， “神似”与“形似” （许渊冲）and so on ...

Still, some people made diverse interpretations to Yan Fu's three-character criteria of
translation as:
“信”— being faithful
“达”— being explicit
“雅”— elegant in words
Which is different from Yan's own definition:
“信”— 达旨（将原文说明）
“达”— 前后引衬，以显其意
“雅”— 尔雅（用汉以前字法，句法）

IV. Methods of Translation 翻译的方法

In translation from English into Chinese, the principal methods used are:
1. Literal translation (metaphase)
2. Literal translation (paraphrase)
3. Transliteration (translation according to pronunciation)

The last one, however, is scarcely used unless it is absolutely necessary. Transliteration is mainly used in translating proper nouns, such as names of persons, places, scientific terms and etc. Whether a translation will be faithful to be the original in all the aspects depends on the possibility of finding the closest, the most natural equivalence（为原文在文体上找到最切近、最自然的对等语）depends on to a great extent a good command of the transformation of the key sentence and the choice of surface structure by a translator （在很大程度上取决于译者能否准确地掌握核心句的转化以及对表层形式的选择）.

heartbreaking              令人心碎的
eye-popping               使人膛目的

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a belt-tightening            勒紧裤带的政策
a wait-and-see attitude      等着瞧的态度
crack the case              破案
thirst to learn               渴望学习

These examples are comparatively ideal sentence with great affinity, which can be translated by way of metaphase.
eat (swallow) the leek        （吃芹菜）→ 忍受耻辱
lie on one's back            （躺在背上）→ 仰卧
kiss-me                    （吻我）（野生）→ 三色紫罗兰
kiss-me-quick               （快来吻我吧）→ 额发
see with half an eye         （睁一只眼，闭一只眼）→ 一望便知
have a cigar                （请抽烟！）→ 你好！
forget-me-not               （不要忘记我）→ 勿忘我

V. PRACTICE:

1. He bent solely upon profit.
A. Surface：他只屈身于利润之前。
B. Shallow：只有利润才使他低头。
C. Deep：他惟利是图。
2. We are here today and gone tomorrow.
A. Surface：我今天在这里，明天就到别处了。
B. Shallow：今日在世，明日辞世（死去）。
C. Deep：人生朝露。
3. John is tall like I am the queen of Sheba.
A. Surface：约翰高得像是示巴皇后。
B. Shallow：约翰高的话，我就是示巴皇后。
C. Deep：要说约翰个头高，没那回事。
Translation C, however, not only breakes the crust of the original, but gains an insight into
the deep structure through the surface structure.
That's to say when essence（内容）is in contradiction with form（形式）in translation and to
harmonize the two, essence should be stressed.（在神与形矛盾而又无法同一时，应重神似，有
时不得不牺牲形式）
4. Their accent couldn't fool a native speaker.
当地人一听口音，就知道他们是外地人。
5. Truth lies at the bottom of the decanter（酒瓶）.
酒后露真言。
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4 6. Darkness released him from his last restraints.
一到天黑，他就原形毕露。
7. How much did you suffer?
"Plenty," the old man said. —The Old Man and Sea
“你吃了多少苦头？”
“一言难尽。 ”老头说。
—《老人与海》

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8. How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind!
在许多个冬日我都看见他，鼻子冻得发紫，站在飞雪和寒风中。
9. The thought
that Huck might have failedwas intolerable, agonizing
.
一想到
哈克可能失败了，（我们）就难以忍受，痛苦不堪
。
VI. The process of Translation 翻译的步骤
A formal translation must be completed through five steps:
1. Preparation 准备
2. analysis & understanding of the original 分析与吃透原文
3. expression in target language 表达
4. proofreading 校正
5. finalization 定稿
● Preparation implies that we need to lay our hands on the reference materials which are
relevant to the works.
● Comprehension is the key step of a translation; therefore, a translator must read the
original time and again.
1) Glancing (skimming) over the original text you are going to translate.
2) Consulting your dictionary to make sure the exact meaning and implication of the new words
found in original text through the first reading and the contextual relationship.
3) The third reading of the original should be emphasized on the understanding of the author's
ideological content, artistic quality, writing technique and style.
*linguistic analysis in combination with logical analysis of the original.
*The process of comprehension is that of unity between thinking in source language and that
in target language
*Penetration into the artistic conception of the original through the linguistic form and crust.
● Expression implies the change of the original from one language into another. This depends on
how well you digest the original and how good your accomplishment of the target language are.
Every Chinese character should be well-chosen, every sentence well-organized and every
paragraph carefully polished.
精心选词，苦心炼句，细心润色每个段落
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5 The English speaking people are proud of the compactness（严谨）of their language, while we
Chinese are proud of the conciseness（简洁）of our mother tongue.
English syntax（句法）emphasizes on hypotaxis “形合” which means that clauses, sentences,
even parts of phrases are connected by connectives（连接词）. Thus, English sentence structure is
well-knit.
Unlike English, Chinese language is stressed on parataxis（意合）which means that sentences and
the various parts of them are joined by meaning instead of connectives.
VII. Contextual Relationship
The following linguistic terms are of some importance in the understanding of this aspect.
1. Syntactic marking: The marked worked words that determine the specific meaning of a word.
2. Semotactic marking: The collocation and the relationship of the juxtaposed words（紧邻相连的
词）governs the specific meaning a word.

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3. Referential clusters: All those words that mean a great help to understanding and judging the
specific meaning of a word.
Example:
● If when I tell you, dearest dear, that your agony is over, and that I have come here to take you
from it, and that we go to England to be at peace and at rest, I cause you to think of your useful
life laid waste, and of our native France so wicked to you, weep for it, weep for it!
亲爱的宝贝儿，我要告诉你，你的痛苦已经结束，我来此把你带出海，同往英格兰共享人间
清平，这会（如果这样做）使你想起你那虚度的年华，想起你的故土法兰西对你如此不公。
（倘若果真如此），（那么）亲爱的，你就哭吧，尽情的哭吧！
With the help“倘若果真如此” ， “那么” ， “如果这样做，……那么” ，the logical
relationship of the context is clearly shown in the translation.
*But the actual achievement of this campaign, which is still misunderstood, should never be
underestimated. It brought about the first defeat of a German army in the Second World War.
这一战役的实际成果，至尽仍为被人们准确理解，但决不应低估，因为在这场战役中，
德国军队遭到了第二次世界大战开始以来的首次失败。
Polysemy（歧义）inEnglish-ChineseTranslation
（英汉翻译中的歧义）
The difference shown in words of the two languages lies in the following aspects: English
words are characteristic of a great vacillation（游移性）and flexibility（灵活性与可塑性）；the
meaning of a word may range widely and depends much on the contextual relationship as is said
"Words do not have meaning, people have meaning for words（词本无义，义随人生）".
Consequently, we sometimes find it difficult to make appropriate adaptations from English
into Chinese words and Yan Fu put it "A new term established, ten days or a month spent."
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6 Let's start with the word "identity".
The word "identity" is elucidated（阐明）in dictionary as follows:
● sameness of essential or generic character in different instance;
● sameness in all that constitutes the objective reality of a thing; oneness;
● thecondition of being the same with something described or asserted;
However, in the modem English, the meaning of "identity" varies with the changing contexts.
1. He also had been demanding that all Irishmen living in Britain be required to carry identity
cards.
当时，他还一直在要求所有居住在不列颠的爱尔兰人必须携带身份证。
2. Their sexual identity, like that of all women competitors, had been officially confined by the
Olympic "femininity control clinic."
她们的性别鉴定， 像所有的女运动员的性别鉴定一样， 已由奥林匹克 “女性医务监察部”
正式核实。
3. Lee has again and again stressed the need for his tiny nation to develop its own Singaporean —
as opposed to Chinese — identity.
李光耀再三强调他的这个小小的国家有必要发展新加坡人自己的特点，以有别于中国
人。
4. The Europe Communists are in the middle of an identity crisis and are taking up the mask of a
certain reformism
欧洲共产党人现处在党性转变的十字路口，她们现在正戴上某种改良主义的面具。
5. In Poland, loyalty to the church became the only means of defending national identity.
在波兰，效忠教会成为保卫民族意识的唯一手段。

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6. Hongkong thus enjoy the identity, the wealth and the trapping of a city-state-without a state's
responsibility for its long-range destiny.
这样，香港就具备了一个城市国家的身份、财富和外貌，但却不必对自己的长远命运负
一个国家应负的责任。
7. A young nation struggling to establish its identity produced leaders, such as Jefferson and
Jackson, dedicated to a democratic process which, however, excluded Indians and blacks.
年轻的美国在奋力确定国家体制之际，产生了诸如杰弗逊和杰克逊那样的领袖人物，他
们致力于民主制度的建立，却排斥印度人和黑人。
8. But investigators say they have no clues to the whereabouts of the alleged accomplices and are
not even certain of their identities.
然而，负责调查的官员说，他们还未获得任何有关这些所谓同谋下落的线索，他们甚至
还不知道这些人姓甚名谁。
9. Since I had said good-bye to him on Thursday, we had gone through greater emotions than any
mystery story could provide. The unusual thing about this thriller was that the villain changed his
identity.
自从星期四向他告别之后，我们经历了比任何惊险小说所描写的都更为激动人心的场
面，这种经历的异乎寻常之处就是反派角色变化了本来面目。
10. But politics would be his life from then on. In politics, and politics alone, he would find his
identity.
从那时起，政治成为他的生命，他打算在政治生涯中，也只打算在政治生涯中，确立其
名声。
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7 Note the different meanings "story" shares in the different contexts:
1. This war is becomingthe most important story of his generation.（最重要的事件）
2. It is quiteanother story now.（另一回事）
3. Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but
officials refused toconfirm the story.（证实这件事）
4. Some reporters who were not included in the sessionbroke the story.
5. He'll be very happy if that storyholds up.
6. Thestory about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television.
7. The Rita Hay worth story is one of the saddest.
8. A young man came to Scott's office with a story.
9. Tell me the story of what happened to you.
10. Thestory of the opera was printed in the program.
Word Discrimination & Translation
Generally speaking, almost all of English words share meanings in three aspects.
1. The structural meaning 结构意义
2. The referential meaning 指示意义
3. The situational meaning 语境意义
Since an English word may share a lot of meaning such as extended meaning（引申意义）,
intentional meaning（内含意义）, connotative meaning（内涵意义）and denotative meaning（外
延意义), the most reliable way is to distinguish by means of situational meaning.
Please weigh the various meaning of "green" collocated with different words.
a green eye 嫉妒的
a green wound 未愈合的伤口
a green winter 温暖的冬天

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green corn 嫩玉米穗，甜玉米
green corp 青饲料作物
green feed 青绿饲料
green-fingered 具有高超种植花木蔬菜技能的
green hand 生手
green tea 绿茶
green with envy 十分嫉妒
green thumb 园艺技能
green as grass 幼稚，无经验
in the green wood (tree) 处于佳境
Many English words possess synonyms which express more or less the same meaning. For
example: wife—woman, better half, helpmate, helpmeet, grey mare and squaw.
The same is true with Chinese
妻子，夫人，太太，老婆，老伴，屋里人，媳妇，那口子，内人，内子，内助，内当家，内
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8 掌柜的，婆姨，娘子，浑家，娇气，仁妻，良人，玉雪，敞房，荆房，荆布，拙荆等等。
Similarly, there are a lot of synonyms to "laugh" as follows:
smile 微笑
grin 咧嘴而笑，露齿笑
chuckle 暗笑，轻声笑
giggle 痴笑，吃吃地笑
chortle 哈哈大笑
laugh/titter 傻笑，嗤嗤地笑
snigger 嬉皮笑脸地笑
guffaw 哄笑，放声大笑
cackle 尖声笑，咯咯地笑
roar 狂笑
All these words share the meaning of "laugh", but they are different from one another in manner,
volume, degree, mood, connotation, passion, and appeal（方式，音量，程度，心情，涵义，感
情，以及感染力）.
*To have one's translation faithful to the original in accuracy, one must be well acquainted
with the shades of difference of synonyms.
Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the shades of difference of the underlined
words.
1. The child cried
himself to sleep.
那孩子哭着哭着就睡着了。
2. Shesobbed
herself to sleep.
她抽抽咽咽地睡着了。
3. The girls wept with joy
after their volleyball team won.
女排获胜后，姑娘们流下了高兴的热泪。
4. Her eyes are always weeping for
the loss of her beauty.
因为美貌不在，她的眼里总是黯然神伤。

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5. She wept copiously over
the loss of her lover.
心上人离她而去，她悲痛欲绝。
6. A child your age shouldn't sit about blubbering over
a lost toy.
像你这么大（岁数）的小孩，不应该因为丢了玩具，就坐在地上哭哭啼啼。
7. There she collects the force of female lungs, sighs, sobs and passions.
她极尽女性之能事，长吁短叹，泣不成声，悲愤不已。
8. The films ends with the heroinesobbing desperately
as her lover walks away resolutely.
影片结尾，当她的心上人义无返顾地远去时，女主人公悲痛欲绝，伤心而泣。
9. The headmaster said to her, "If you have something to say, have it out clearly. It's no use
weeping and wailing endlessly.
"
校长对她说： “你要是有什么，明明白白地说出来吧。你这样无休止地哭哭啼啼有什么
用呢？”
10. The wind was wailing in the woods.
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9 风在树林中呼啸。
Distinguish the shades of meaning of the underlined words or phrases and translate the
sentences into proper Chinese.
1. Come to the theater with me andlaugh off your worries.
我们一起去剧院，来它个一笑解千愁。
2.At this moment another smile of deep meaning
passed between her and her.
此时此刻两人会意地一笑。
3. Spring awakened, all nature smiled.
春回大地，万物复苏。
4. Thewasters
of a brook are limpid and laughing
in the summer's sun.
夏日的阳光下，小溪清清，流水淙淙。
5. Hechuckled at himself
for having worn his wife's shirt.
看到自己错穿了妻子的衬衫，他不禁哑然失笑。
6. The girls couldn't stop giggling
when the boy answered that Cao Cao was an outstanding tennis
player.
当这个男孩回答曹操是个杰出的网球运动员时，姑娘们吃吃地笑个不停。
7. Why do teenage girls giggle so much?
为什么十几岁的女孩那么喜欢傻笑？
8. Father used tochortle over
such funny jokes.
父亲以前一听到这样的笑话，总会哈哈大笑。
9. Wewhisper, and hint, and chuckle, and grin at
a brother's shame.

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（一旦）看到那个兄弟出了洋相，我们大家或者是窃窃私语，要不就是指指点点；或者
暗自发笑：要不就是笑得合不拢嘴。
10. Since the famous portrait, the Mona Lisa was painted people have been fascinated by the
mysterious smile
on the face and by the strange background of fantastic rocks.
自从著名的《蒙娜丽莎》问世以来，人们就对她脸上神秘的微笑，奇形怪状的岩石所构
成的非同寻常的背景而心驰神往。
Choice of Words
English words are characteristic of polysemy and polysemous words often share more than
one part of ten share more than one part of speech, which takes time to determine the fixed
meaning and its given part of speech in the certain context, and even more time to makes final
decision of the Chinese equivalence to the original word. After the through analysis of the original
syntax and the general idea of the original text, choice of words becomes the determining factor to
a good translation.
The word "and" seems easy enough, the actual practice, however, is very different from what as
one might imagine.
1. War and
Peace
战争与和平
2. eat and
drink
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10 吃吃喝喝
3. to work arduously and
skillfully
苦干加巧干
4. The girls came over talking and
laughing
姑娘们有说有笑（又说又笑）地走过来。
5. She is the Party Secretary and
manager as well.
她是党委书记兼经理。
6. It was not easy to carry such a heavy load, and
during the dog days.
扛这么重的东西很不容易，更何况这么热的天呢。
7. The earth rotatesand
it revolves.
地球一面自转，一面公转。
8. The sun came out and
the grass dried.
日出草干
9. Reading the text many times and
you will be able to recite it.
课文多读几遍，你就会背了
10. He came here by bike and
I walked here.
他是骑车来的，而我是步行来的。
11. He did it, and
did it well.
他做了，而且做得不错。
12. They talked and
talked until small hours.
他们谈啊谈啊，一直谈到次日凌晨。
13. many and
many a time.
三番五次，许多次。
14. They walked two and
two.
他们成双成对走过。
15.There are men and
men (booksand
books).
各式各样的人（书）
To have every word well expressed in Chinese, one must acquaint himself with rhetoric, especially
the passive rhetoric whose essential work is to have words well-chosen which is just in agreement
with the key link of expression in translation. Whether a word is well-chosen affects greatly the
accuracy of expression. For example:
good will 善意
good wife 贤妻
good mother 慈母
good gold 真金
good teacher 良师
good friend 好友
good neighbor 高邻
good heart 好心
good sense 褒义
good year 丰年
good match 劲敌，匹敌
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11 good deeds 善举，善事
good points 优点，长处
good husband 尽职的丈夫
good look 美貌
The following is designed to practice your translation technique on the choice of words.
Work carefully, try to vary your diction in the Chinese version.
Although schoolmistresses letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs, yet
as it sometimes happens that a person departs this life, who is really deserving of all the praises
the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or
husband; who actually does leave a disconsolate family to mourn his less; so academies of the
male and female sex it occurs every now and then, that then pupil is fully worthy of the praises
bestowed by the disinterested instructor.
一般说来，校长的信和墓志铭一样靠不住， 不过偶然也有几个死去的人当得起石匠们在他们
朽骨上的好话，的确是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的母亲，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻子，
他们的家人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他。同样，不论在男生还是女生校园，偶然也有一两个学
生当得起老师毫无私心的称赞。
Translation should turn out to be faithful the original but not rigid, flexible but not excessive.
翻译应该是忠实而不呆板，灵活而不过分。
A good translation, generally speaking, is a bit longer than the original (it does not necessarily
mean that good translation must be longer than the original) primarily because translation must
faithfully turn the obvious form of the original language into target language, and at the same time,
must convey what implied in the original context, especially that closely connected with the
background of the original culture and history in the target language.
The difficulties to readers of translation lie in what's implied in the original, translator should
make some adaptations in the light of specific conditions to enable readers to understand more
easily.
The words added in translation must be indispensable (absolutely necessary) either syntactically or
semantically.
I. Words supplied for syntactic construction
II. Words supplied for semantic completion
1．人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房，也有死刑。
When anyone among the people breaks the law, he too should be punished, imprisoned or even
sentenced to death.
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12 2．其实地上本来没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。
For actually the earth had no roads to begin with, but when many men pass one way, a road is
made.
3. You got a prejudice all right—against a race that's black. That's why I called you white racist
that night. But when you deal with a black person, I don't feel any bad vices.
你这个人确有偏见。你（结构性增补）对整个（语义性增补）黑人种族抱有偏见（结构
性增补）那天晚上，我说骂你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这儿。但是，当你跟一个具体
的（语义性增补）黑人打交道时，我倒（修辞性增补；语气补足词）觉得你没有什么恶意。
4. The V sign itself is a challenge, for the famous Churchillian invention that used to mean Allied
Victory is no longer valid. Instead of having to do with War, V today is made to mean peace.
V 形手势(语义性增补）本身就是一种挑战。因为丘吉尔的这个著名的发明，当年（语
义性增补）曾作为盟国胜利的标志。这层意思现已不复存在，今天（修辞性重复）V 形手
势语是被用来表示和平。
5. My audiences vary from tens to thousands. I expected opposition but got hardly any.
我的听众从几十人到几千人不等（修饰性增补） ，我希望有持有异议的人站起来跟我辩
论（语义性增补） ，但几乎没有遇到过（结构性增补） 。
6. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars,
and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if there intimations of something
behind and behind are not evil humor born of madden us; if, in a word, beauty means something,
yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.
—— From New Concept English 《新概念英语》 (Book 4) lesson 29
但是，即使这个世界不仅仅是个拙劣的玩笑，生命不仅仅是（结构性重复）星体交织的
寒光中的一点平庸的火花。人生也不仅仅是（结构性重复）喧噪于神秘之乡的空虚的一笑；
即使这一切发自那既不渴望也不可及的某种事物的启示， 不是由于内在的失调而迸发的邪恶
之念，也不是（结构性重复）魔鬼用来嘲弄和激怒我们的奇谈怪论。一句话，倘若美具有某
种意义，我们还是不要试图去了解它的意义为好。 （修辞性增补：语气补足词，落在句尾，
使句子更完整） 。

tutuwen

7. What is feared as failure in American society, is, above all, aloneness, And aloneness is
terrifying because it means that there is no one, no group, no approved cause to submit to.
在美国社会中作为失败而为人们所（语气及结构上的增补）恐惧的，莫过于孤独了。而
孤独之所以可怕，就因为没有一个可服从的人，没有一个可服从的群体，没有一个可服从的
可公认的事业（ “可服从的”重复了三次，皆因结构上的需要）。
8. Long, anxious days passed, during which I hope that Dave would see that white was not always
white nor black always totally black. Time was running out; his decision could not be indefinitely
postponed.
我过着漫长，焦急的日子，一直（语义增补词）希望戴夫能明白世事（语义结构上的需
要）并非处处都是皂白分明。时光流逝，他不能无限期地拖下去，迟迟不作决定（结构性增
补）。
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13 III. Supply overlapping words or numerals to express the plural form of nouns.
Unlike the English language which has the change of plural form of nouns as well as that of verb
tenses, the Chinese language has no change of plural form. It is usually expressed by supplying
overlapping words or numerals, such as “朵朵鲜花” ， “百花齐放” ， “阵阵寒风” ， “徐徐凉风” ，
“微风习习” ， “们” ， “诸位” ， “大家” ， “大伙” 。
songs 阵阵歌声
flowers 鲜花朵朵
ripples 层层涟漪
cheers 阵阵喝彩
a chilly wind 凉风习习
a murmuring stream (book) 淙淙流水
deadly still 万籁俱寂
galloping horses 万马奔腾
a golden opportunity 天赐良机
throughout ages 千秋万代
Even Homer sometimes nods.
智者千里，必有一失。
Flowers of all sorts are blooming in a riot of color.
百花争艳，万紫千红。
The audience left one after another.
听众鱼贯而出。
In spring, a gentle wind rippled the tranquil lake.
风乍起，吹皱一池春水。
Relative & Connectives
（关系词与连接词的翻译）
Relatives include relative pronouns and relative adverbs, such as who, whom, whose, that, which,
what, when, where, why and how used to connect main clause and subordinate clauses. White
connectives include coordinate and subordinate conjunctions, such as and, or, but, yet, so, however,
as well as, (n)either ... (n)or ..., when, while, as, since, until, so ... that, unless, lest and so on.
1. All was cleared up some time later when
news came from a distant place that an earthquake was
felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于
得到了澄清。
2. When
I try to understand what it is that prevent so many Americans from being as happy as one
might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the
other.
为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二， 而两个原因之间
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14 又有深浅之分。
3. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and
some of them their lives, before
the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
那是个天气晴朗、 黄金可爱的秋天， 美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。 待到战后和平时期，
黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的已丧失了生命。
4. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run
may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds
which have not the faculty of precise reflection.
认为自己的思想深奥， 不可能表达得很清楚并让任何人都能理解， 这是一种虚荣的念头。
这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。
5. It was what sentimentalists，who deal in very big words，call a yearning after the ideal，and
simply means that woman are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they
may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (W. Thackeray:
Vanity Fair)
一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的
情感平时只能零星发泄， 必须有了丈夫和孩子， 情感收聚起来有了归宿， 自己才能得到满足。
英汉互译中的对等结构
一．直译
作乐 to make merry
笑柄 a laughing stock
梦乡 in one's dream land
门外汉 an outsider
皮包骨 all skin and bones/skinny/bony
祸不单行 It never rains but pour
一眼看穿 to see through at a glance
看穿把戏 to seethrough the trickery
混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled waters
半途而废 to do something by halves
保住面子 save one's face;（lose face 丢脸）
铁石心肠 a heart of stone/stone—hearted
趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot.
花钱如水 to spend money like water
一个耳朵进，一个耳朵出 to go in at one ear and out at the other
实事求是 to seek truth fromfacts
眼高手底 to want to grasp what is beyond one's reach
欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.
二．意译
自立 to stand on one's own feet
说实话 call a spade a spade
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15 倾盆大雨 It rains cats and dogs.
一视同仁 fair field and no favour
同舟共济 to be in the same boat
镜花水月 moonshine in water
火上加油 to pour oil on the flames
三心二意 to be in two minds
一模一样 as alike as two peas
人山人海 a sea of faces
欲速不达 haste makes waste
字里行间 to read between the lines
业精于勤 practice makes perfect
白纸黑字 in black and white
一知半解 a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
沽名钓誉 to fish for compliments
心直口快 towear one's heart on one's sleeves
不遗余力 to spare no effort (to leave no stone unturned)
一箭双雕；一举两得 to kill two birds with one stone
谦受益，满招损 Pride goes before fall
闯祸 a bull in a china shop
开夜车 to burn the midnight oil
对牛弹琴 to cast pearls to the swine
害群之马 a black sheep
不伦不类 neither fish nor flesh
雨后春笋 to spring up like mushrooms
掌上明珠 the apple of one's eye
乱七八糟 to be at sixes and sevens
千载难逢 once in a blue moon
进退两难，进退维谷 on the horns of a dilemma
骑墙 to sit on the fence
伤感情 to wound one's feelings
见世面 to see the world
智穷才尽 at one's wits end
醉翁之意不在酒 Many kiss a baby for the nurse's sake.
ADDITIONAL READING MATERIALS
The Dreamer
看过这篇文章，你或许也想做个追梦人！
1. When I was nine years old living in a small town in North Carolina I found an ad for selling
greeting cards in the back of a children's magazine. I though to myself, I can do this, I begged my
mother to let me send for the kit. Two weeks later when the kit arrived, I ripped off the brown
paper wrapper, grabbed the cards and dashed from the house. Three hours later, I returned home
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16 with no card and a pocket full of money proclaiming. "Mama, all the people couldn't wait to buy
my cards!". A salesperson was born.
2. When I was twelve years old, my father took me to see Zig Ziegler. I remember sitting in that
dark auditorium listening to Mr. Zigler raise everyone's up to the ceiling. I left there feeling like I
could do anything. When we got to the car, I turned to my father and said, "Dad, I want to make
people feel like that." My father asked me what I meant. "I want to be a motivational speaker just
like Mr. Zigler," I replied. A dream was born.
3. Recently, I began pursuing my dream of motivating other. After a four-year relationship with a
major fortune 100 company beginning as a salestrainer and ending as a regional sales manager, I
left the company at the height of my career. Many people were astounded that I would leave after
earning a six-figure income. And they asked why I would risk everything for a dream.
4. I made my decision to start my own company and leave my secure position after attending a
regional sales meeting. The vice-president of our company delivered a speed that changed my life.
He asked us," If a genie would grant you three wishes what would they be?" After giving us a
moment to write down the three wishes, he then asked us, "Why do you need a genie?" I would
never forget the empowerment I felt at that moment.
译文
1．我九岁的时候住在北卡罗来纳州的一个小镇上，一次在一本儿童杂志的背面发现了一则
招聘明信片推销员的广告。 我对自己说， 我能干这事。 我恳求妈妈让我去叫人送来全套货物。
两个星期后，货送来了，我一把撕下明信片棕色的包装纸，冲出了家门。三个小时候，我的
卡片已经一张不剩，倒是带着满满一口袋钱回到了家，大叫： “妈妈，所有的人都迫不及待
地想买我的卡片！ ” 。一个推销员诞生了。
2．我十二岁的时候，父亲带我去见齐格•齐格勒先生。我还记得当时坐在昏暗的礼堂里听
着齐格勒先生的演说，他把每个人都说得热情高涨，跃跃欲试。离开的时候我觉得自己可以
做任何事情。我们上了车，我转过身对父亲说道： “爸爸，我也想让人们这样。 ”爸爸问我的
话是什么意思。 “我想当一个像齐格勒先生这样的鼓动演说者。 ” 我回答到。 一个梦想诞生了。
3．最近，我开始鼓舞他人，努力实现自己的梦想。在此之前的四年里，我在一个拥有 100
家公司的财团做事，从一个销售培训员做到地区销售经理，在我事业达到颠峰时我离开了这
家公司。许多人都十分惊讶，在收入达到六位数时我却选择了离开。他们问我为什么要为了
梦想而去冒险。
4．我是在参加了一次地区销售会议后，才拿定主意离开自己的安全港湾，去开自己的公司
的。在那次会议上，我们公司的副总裁所说的话从而改变了我的命运。他问我们： “如果一
个神仙会满足你的三个愿望，那么你将会希望得到什么？”他让我们写下自己的愿望，然后
却问我们： “为什么你们会需要神仙呢？” ，我永远也忘不了这句话在那一刻对我的震撼。
Straw Hat In The Wind
简洁的文字，对母爱的呼唤，两者都全在不经意中深深地打动你！
Mama, that summer, on the way to 1) Klitsemi, my straw hat flew down the mountains.
Mama, do you remember, the old straw hat you gave to me? I lost that hat long ago, it flew to the
2) foggy canyon. Mama, I wonder what happened to that old straw hat which fell down the
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17 mountain-side and 3) whirled out of my reach like your heart. Suddenly that wind came up,
stealing my hat from me. 4) Swirling gust of wind blew it higher, and higher ... Mama, that old
straw hat was the only one I really love. But I lost it, no one could bring it back, like the life you
give me.
Mama, that summer, on the way to Klitsemi, I lost my straw hat. The 5) lilies along the road
6) wilted. And under that straw hat, the 7) crickets wept every night ...
译文
妈妈，就在那年夏天，在去克里兹米的路上，我的那顶草帽，掉进了山谷。妈妈，你还
记得吗？记得你给我的那顶草帽吗？很久以前我遗落了，它飘向了雾霭的深谷。
妈妈，那顶旧草帽不知怎么了，掉进了山谷，就像你的心，我抓也抓不到。忽然，吹起
一阵风，抢走了我那草帽，把他卷得越来越高……妈妈，那顶旧草帽，是我唯一的爱，就像
是你给我的生命，丢失了，再也找不到。
妈妈，就在那年夏天，在往克里兹米的路上，我的草帽掉了。路边的百合都枯萎了。在
那草帽下面，每天晚上都有蟋蟀在哭泣……
NOTES:
1）Klitsemi 日本一地名
2）foggy   adj. 有雾的，起雾的
3）whirl    v. 回旋，旋转
4）swirl     v. 旋涡，回旋
5）lily      n. 百合，百合花
6）wilt     v. 枯萎，凋谢
7）cricket   n. 蟋蟀
Youth
By Samuel Erman
青春的文字原来也可以如此的美丽激昂！
1. Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind, it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and
supple knees, it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions, it is
the freshness of the deep spring of life.
2. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for
adventure over the love of ease. This often exits in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody
grows merely by a number of years, we grow old by deserting our idea.
3. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear,
self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
4. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing
childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and
my heart thereis a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage
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18 and power from the infinite, so long as you are young.
5. When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of
pessimism. Then you've grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up to catch waves of
optimism, there's hope you may die young at 80.
青 春
［美］塞缪•俄尔曼
1．青春不是生命的一段时光，不是指红润的脸颊、红扑扑的嘴唇和柔软的双膝；它是一种
精神状态， 是指不懈的干劲、 丰富的想象力和滚烫的情怀。 它是生命春意正浓时鲜活的记忆。
2．它是生命之源勃勃生机的涌泉。青春意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气慨和摈弃安逸的那
种冒险精神。 往往一个60 岁的老者比一个 20 岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。 人老不仅仅是岁
月流逝所致，更主要的是懒惰、不思进取的结果。
3．光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在心灵上刻下皱纹。遗憾、恐惧、缺
乏自信，会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬。
4．无论是 60 岁还是 16 岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心，永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望
和追求事业成功的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，都有一座无线电台；它能在多长时间里接收
到人间万物传递来的美好、希望、欢乐、鼓舞和力量信息，你就会年轻多长时间。
5．当天线倒塌时，你的精神就被玩世不恭和悲观厌世的冰雪所覆盖，你就会衰老下去，即
使你只是 20 岁；而你的无线巍然矗立着的时候，凭着高昂的乐观主义，你就有希望在 80
岁死去时仍然韶华不逝。
Be a Queen
By Oprah Winfrey
情真意浓，字字铿锵。文字中不乏演讲辞的简练与激情。读完之后，你才知道，做个真
正的女人，你必须：